Fast optical switch and its applications in optical communication

ABSTRACT

A fast optical switch can be fabricated/constructed, when vanadium dioxide (VO 2 ) ultra thin-film or a cluster of vanadium dioxide particles (less than 0.5 microns in diameter) embedded in an ultra thin-film of a polymeric material or in a mesh of metal nanowires is activated by either an electrical pulse (a voltage pulse or a current pulse) or a light pulse just to induce rapid insulator-to-metal phase transition (IMT) in vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film or vanadium dioxide particles embedded in an ultra thin-film of a polymeric material or in a mesh of metal nanowires. The applications of such a fast optical switch for an on-Demand optical add-drop subsystem, integrating with or without a wavelength converter are also described.

CROSS REFERENCE OF RELATED APPLICATION

This application is based upon and claims the benefit of priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/999,601 (“the '601 provisional patent application”) entitled, “FAST OPTICAL SWITCH” filed on Aug. 1, 2014. The contents of the '601 provisional patent application is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety as though fully set forth.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention generally relates to an optical switch and its applications in optical communication. In optical communication, an optical switch enables optical signals to be selectively switched from one optical fiber/optical circuit to another optical fiber/optical circuit. An optical switch can operate by mechanical, electro-optic or magneto-optic effects.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

LiNbO₃-LN or (Pb,La)(Zr,To)O₃-PLZT or waveguide based optical switch is commercially available. LN/PLZT waveguide based optical switch is a modified balance bridge type 1×2 switch, which is composed of (a) a Mach-Zehnder (MZ) device integrated with top electrodes and (b) input-output 3-dB couplers.

The switching speed of a LN waveguide based optical switch is approximately 100 nanoseconds. Furthermore, it suffers from (a) high voltage requirement, (b) polarization dependence problem and (c) DC drift.

The switching speed of a PLZT waveguide based optical switch is approximately 10 nanoseconds.

The switching speed of a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) waveguide based optical switch is about 1 to 2 nanosecond. However, the semiconductor optical amplifier waveguide based optical switch suffers from (a) noise, (b) polarization dependence problem, (c) wavelength dependence problem and (d) high electrical power consumption.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In view of the foregoing, three objectives of the present invention are:

-   -   to design and fabricate/construct an optical switch with a         switching speed less than 10 nanoseconds;     -   to reduce (a) noise, (b) polarization dependence problem, (c)         wavelength dependence problem and (d) high electrical power         consumption; and     -   a platform to integrate/co-package other optical components.

Applications for such an optical switch with a switching speed less than 10 nanoseconds are:

Optical Communication

-   -   Optical Packet Switch;     -   Optical Add-Drop Subsystem For Optical Packets;     -   Switched Passive Optical Network (S-PON);

Computing

-   -   High Performance Cloud Computer;     -   High Performance Data Center; and     -   Optical Interconnects.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A illustrates an embodiment of a fast optical switch in a directional coupler configuration based on vanadium dioxide (VO₂) ultra thin-film, activated by an electrical pulse just to induce insulator-to-metal phase transition (IMT) in vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film.

FIG. 1B illustrates a cross-sectional view of two metal electrodes on vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film on a left region of the fast optical switch in the directional coupler configuration.

FIG. 1C illustrates a cross-sectional view of two metal electrodes on vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film on a right region of the fast optical switch in the directional coupler configuration.

FIG. 2 illustrates an embodiment of an electronic subsystem to drive the fast optical switch based on vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film, activated by an electrical pulse.

FIG. 3 illustrates an embodiment of a fast optical switch processor A, comprising the fast optical switch (based on vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film, activated by an electrical pulse) in a matrix configuration.

FIG. 4 illustrates an embodiment of a fast optical switch based on vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film, activated by a light pulse just to induce insulator-to-metal phase transition in vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film.

FIG. 5 illustrates an embodiment of an electronic subsystem to drive the fast optical switch based on vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film, activated by a light pulse.

FIG. 6 illustrates an embodiment of a fast optical switch processor B, comprising the fast optical switch (based on vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film, activated by a light pulse) in a matrix configuration.

FIG. 7 illustrates an on-Demand optical add-drop subsystem (OADS), integrated with the fast optical switch (wherein the fast optical switch is based on vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film, activated by an electrical pulse).

FIG. 8 illustrates an embodiment of an electronic subsystem to drive the on-Demand optical add-drop subsystem, integrated with the fast optical switch (wherein the fast optical switch is based on vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film, activated by an electrical pulse).

FIG. 9 illustrates an embodiment of an optical network processor system A, comprising the on-Demand optical add-drop subsystem in a matrix configuration (wherein the on-Demand optical add-drop subsystem further comprises the fast optical switch based on vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film, activated by an electrical pulse).

FIG. 10 illustrates an on-Demand optical add-drop subsystem, integrated with the fast optical switch (wherein the fast optical switch is based on vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film, activated by a light pulse).

FIG. 11 illustrates an embodiment of an electronic subsystem to drive the on-Demand optical add-drop subsystem, integrated with the fast optical switch (wherein the fast optical switch is based on vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film, activated by a light pulse).

FIG. 12 illustrates an embodiment of an optical network processor system B, comprising the on-Demand optical add-drop subsystem in a matrix configuration, (wherein the on-Demand optical add-drop subsystem further comprises the fast optical switch based on vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film, activated by a light pulse).

FIG. 13A illustrates an embodiment of a wavelength converter based on a nonlinear four-wave mixing material.

FIG. 13B illustrates another embodiment of a wavelength converter based on another nonlinear four-wave mixing material.

FIG. 13C illustrates another embodiment of a wavelength converter based on another nonlinear four-wave mixing material.

FIG. 14 illustrates an on-Demand optical add-drop subsystem, integrated with the fast optical switch (wherein the fast optical switch is based on vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film, activated by an electrical pulse) and a wavelength converter.

FIG. 15 illustrates an embodiment of an electronic subsystem to drive the on-Demand optical add-drop subsystem, integrated with the fast optical switch (wherein the fast optical switch is based on vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film, activated by an electrical pulse) and the wavelength converter.

FIG. 16 illustrates an embodiment of an advanced optical network processor system C, comprising the on-Demand optical add-drop subsystem in a matrix configuration (wherein the on-Demand optical add-drop subsystem further comprises the fast optical switch based on vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film, activated by an electrical pulse) and the wavelength converter.

FIG. 17 illustrates an on-Demand optical add-drop subsystem, integrated with the fast optical switch (wherein the fast optical switch is based on vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film, activated by a light pulse) and the wavelength converter.

FIG. 18 illustrates an embodiment of an electronic subsystem to drive the on-Demand optical add-drop subsystem, integrated with the fast optical switch (wherein the fast optical switch is based on vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film, activated by a light pulse) and the wavelength converter.

FIG. 19 illustrates an embodiment of an advanced optical network processor system D, comprising the on-Demand optical add-drop subsystem in a matrix configuration (wherein the on-Demand optical add-drop subsystem further comprises the fast optical switch based on vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film, activated by a light pulse) and the wavelength converter.

DETAIL DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Vanadium dioxide (VO₂) is broadly related to phase transition/change materials. Vanadium dioxide exhibits rapid (less than 10 nanoseconds) insulator-to-metal phase transition, upon temperature increase. Vanadium dioxide shows an abrupt decrease of resistance when applied current or voltage exceeds certain a threshold value. This is an electric field-induced rapid phase transition/change.

The rapid (less than 10 nanoseconds) insulator-to-metal phase transition can be utilized in conjunction with a coupled waveguide configuration (e.g., a directional coupler/multi mode interference (MMI) coupler configuration) to fabricate/construct a fast optical switch.

The operational principle of a directional coupler is evanescent wave coupling in a configuration, where two single-mode waveguides come close to each other along a coupling length.

The dimension of the coupling length can depend on other parameters (e.g., overall dimension and switching speed of the optical switch). Furthermore, extinction ratio/power transfer ratio can depend on the index mismatch and the coupling parameters and the state of 120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film.

FIG. 1A illustrates an embodiment of 100A-a fast optical switch (in the directional coupler configuration) based on 120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film, activated by an electrical pulse.

100A-the fast optical switch (in the directional coupler configuration) can be fabricated/constructed on a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrate.

But other suitable substrate (e.g., a silicon-on-sapphire (SOS) substrate) can also be utilized.

An electrical pulse can be a current pulse or a voltage pulse. 120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film is receiving a voltage pulse or a current pulse via two electrodes just to induce insulator-to-metal phase in the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film. For example, a square wave shaped voltage pulse with a rise time of approximately 10 nanoseconds and a fall time of approximately 10 nanoseconds with a pulse duration of 500 nanoseconds can be utilized.

In FIG. 1A, 100A denotes a fast optical switch, 120 denotes vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film. 140A denotes the left region and 140B denotes the right region. 160A1 denotes a left metal electrode on 120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film (on 140A-the left region), 160A2 denotes a right metal electrode on 120-the vanadium dioxide (on 140A-the left region). 160B1 denotes a left metal electrode on 120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film (on 140B-the right region), 160B2 denotes a right metal electrode on 120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film (on 140B-the right region).

The thickness of 120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film is less than 0.3 microns.

120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film is approximately in the range of 0.01 microns² to 2 microns² in area on 140A-the left region.

120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film is approximately in the range of 0.01 microns² to 2 microns² in area on 140B-the right region.

It should be noted by nanoscaling the area of 120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film in the range of approximately 0.01 microns², an ultrafast (approximately 0.1 nanoseconds) optical switch (activated by an electrical pulse) can be realized.

The ridge width and ridge depth of 200-the optical waveguide in 140A-the left region are approximately in the range of 2 microns to 5 microns and 0.1 microns to 1 micron respectively. Furthermore, both ends of 200-the optical waveguide in 140A-the left region can be tapered out gradually for optical mode matching for higher % single-mode optical fiber coupling.

The ridge width and ridge depth of 200-the optical waveguide in 140B-the right region are approximately in the range of 2 microns to 5 microns and 0.1 microns to 1 micron respectively. Furthermore, both ends of 200-the optical waveguide in 140B-the right region can be tapered out gradually for optical mode matching for higher % single-mode optical fiber coupling.

The distance between 140A-the left region and 140B-the right region is less than 5 microns.

100A-the fast optical switch is a 2×2 fast optical switch with two inputs and two outputs.

The fabrication process of 100A-the fast optical switch (in a directional coupler configuration) is outlined below, when 120-the vanadium dioxide is an ultra thin-film.

Deposition of 120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film of less than 0.1 micron in thickness by radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering from vanadium dioxide target under argon gas flow (approximately 100 sccm) and oxygen gas flow (approximately 10 sccm) at approximately in the range of 300 degree centigrade to 550 degree centigrade on a silicon-on-insulator substrate, having silicon layer thickness of about in the range of 0.1 microns to 0.5 microns, having insulator (silicon dioxide) layer thickness of about in the range of 0.25 micron to 3 microns, having substrate thickness of about in the range of 350 microns to 675 microns.

Alternatively, direct current (DC) magnetron sputtering from vanadium target under suitable argon gas flow and oxygen gas flow at approximately in the range of 300 degree centigrade to 550 degree centigrade can be utilized to deposit 120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film.

Alternatively, electron beam evaporation or laser assisted electron beam evaporation from high purity form of divanadium tetroxide (V₂O₄) powder can be utilized to deposit 120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film.

Alternatively, a low-temperature atomic layer epitaxial (ALE) process can be utilized to deposit 120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film.

Alternatively, a low-temperature molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) process can be utilized to deposit 120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film.

Additionally, thermal annealing/rapid thermal annealing (RTA) process under suitable argon gas flow and oxygen gas flow can be utilized to enhance grain size and correct any oxygen deficiency of 120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film.

Additionally, an ultra thin-film aluminum oxide in the range of 0.010 microns to 0.015 microns in thickness, as a buffer layer prior to any deposition of 120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film can lead to improved crystallinity and textures in 120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film.

Furthermore, deposition of an ultra thin-film aluminum oxide in the range of 0.010 microns to 0.015 microns in thickness as a protective layer on 120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film can be beneficial for future fabrication/processing steps.

Reactive ion or ion etching of 120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film and the silicon layer (of the silicon-on-insulator substrate) to approximately in the range of 2 microns to 5 microns in width and approximately in the range of 0.1 microns to 1 micron in depth to form 200-an optical waveguide in 140A-the left region and its continued curved structure. Furthermore, the both ends of 200-the optical waveguide can be tapered out gradually for optical mode matching for higher % single-mode optical fiber coupling.

Similarly, reactive ion or ion etching of 120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film and the silicon layer (of the silicon-on-insulator substrate) to approximately in the range of 2 microns to 5 microns in width and approximately in the range of 0.1 microns to 1 micron in depth to form 200-an optical waveguide in 140B-the right region and its continued curved structure. Furthermore, the both ends of 200-the optical waveguide can be tapered out gradually for optical mode matching for higher % single-mode optical fiber coupling.

Electron beam lithography and lift off of:

-   -   a first metal layer of titanium/chromium and a second metal         layer of gold for 160A1-the left metal electrode and 160A2-the         right metal electrode on 120-the vanadium dioxide ultra         thin-film (on 140A-the left region); and     -   the first metal layer of titanium/chromium and the second metal         layer of gold for 160B1-the left metal electrode and 160B2-the         right metal electrode on 120-the vanadium dioxide ultra         thin-film (on 140B-the right region).

The thickness of the first metal layer of titanium/chromium is approximately in the range of 0.010 microns to 0.02 microns.

The thickness of the second metal layer of gold is approximately in the range of 0.25 microns to 0.35 microns. It should be noted that thickness of the second metal layer of gold can be optimized to reduce stress on 120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film in mitigating stability/reliability issues with 120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film.

Furthermore, a high dielectric constant insulator (e.g., hafnium silicate, zirconium silicate, hafnium dioxide and zirconium dioxide) of approximate thickness of 0.005 microns can be fabricated/constructed to electrically insulate two electrodes on 140A-the left region and two electrodes on 140B-the right region from 120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film.

Alternatively, a parallel plate capacitor with an air gap can be utilized instead of a high dielectric constant insulator. When a voltage pulse is applied across electrodes on a parallel plate capacitor, an electric field due to the voltage pulse is established across the air gap and a smaller electric field due to the voltage pulse is then coupled with 120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film.

It should be noted that the above fabrication steps can be modified in a number of ways (e.g., self alignment and/or planarization) for not heating adjacent silicon, as heating adjacent silicon can undesirably slow the switching speed of 100A-the optical switch.

Dicing, testing and single-mode optical fiber pigtailing of 100A-the fast optical switch chips.

Connecting the tested/pigtailed good 100A-the fast optical switch chips onto a printed electronics circuit board.

In FIG. 1A, 180A denotes a first input port of an input wavelength and 180B denotes a second input port of an input wavelength. 200 denotes the optical waveguide. The input wavelength at 180A-the first input port can exit via 220A-an output exit, when 140A-the left region comprising 120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film is not electrically activated by an electrical pulse on both 160A1-the left metal electrode and 160A2-the right metal electrode on 120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film (on 140A-the left region).

However, the input wavelength at 180A-the first input port can exit via 220B-an output exit, when 140A-the left region comprising 120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film is electrically activated by an electrical pulse on both 160A1-the left metal electrode and 160A2-the right metal electrode on 120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film (on 140A-the left region) just to induce insulator-to-metal phase transition in 120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film.

Similarly, the input wavelength at 180B-the second input port can exit via 200A-an output exit, when 140B-the right region comprising 120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film is electrically activated by an electrical pulse on both 160B1-the left metal electrode and 160B2-the right metal electrode on 120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film (on 140B-the right region) just to induce insulator-to-metal phase transition in 120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film.

120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film is receiving an electrical pulse just to induce insulator-to-metal phase transition in 120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film.

Other coupler configurations (e.g., multimode interference configuration) can be realized by an electrical pulse for just inducing insulator-to-metal phase transition in 120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film.

It should be noted that a cluster of vanadium dioxide particles (less than 0.5 microns in diameter) embedded in an ultra thin-film of a polymeric material or in a mesh of metal nanowires can be utilized, instead of 120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film in fabricating/constructing 100A-the fast optical switch, activated by an electrical pulse. The polymeric material can be either conducting, semiconducting or non-conducting. Thus, vanadium dioxide particles (less than 0.5 microns in diameter) embedded in an ultra thin-film of a polymeric material or in a mesh of metal nanowires can receive an electrical pulse just to induce insulator-to-metal phase transition in the cluster of vanadium dioxide particles (less than 0.5 microns in diameter).

FIG. 1B illustrates a cross-sectional view of 160A1-the left metal electrode and 160A2-the right metal electrode on 120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film (on 140A-the left region), wherein 120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film is on the silicon layer of the silicon-on-insulator substrate. 200 denotes the optical waveguide.

FIG. 1C illustrates a cross-sectional view of 160B1-the left metal electrode and 160B2-the right metal electrode on 120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film (140B-the right region), wherein 120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film is on the silicon layer of the silicon-on-insulator substrate. 200 denotes the optical waveguide.

Furthermore, the silicon layer of the silicon-on-insulator substrate can be reactive ion or ion etched up to the silica layer of the silicon-on-insulator substrate.

FIG. 2 illustrates an embodiment of 300A-an electronic subsystem to drive 100A-the fast optical switch (based on 120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film, activated by an electrical pulse).

In FIG. 2, 240 denotes an external controller, 260 denotes a microprocessor/field programmable gate array (FPGA) and 280A denotes a drive electronics unit/module for 100A-the fast optical switch.

300A-the electronic subsystem integrates 240, 260 and 280A. 300A-the electronic subsystem is to drive 100A-the fast optical switch.

240-the external controller can communicate serially with 260-the microprocessor/field programmable gate array.

FIG. 3 illustrates an embodiment of 400A-a fast optical switch processor A, comprising 100A-the fast optical switch in a matrix configuration (wherein 100A-the fast optical switch is based on 120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film, activated by an electrical pulse just to induce insulator-to-metal phase transition in 120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film).

In FIG. 3, 400A denotes a fast optical switch processor A, 200 denotes the optical waveguide, 320 denotes an input single-mode optical fiber array, 300A denotes the electronic subsystem to drive 100A-the fast optical switch (based on 120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film, activated by an electrical pulse), 340 denotes a thermo electric cooler (TEC) to maintain 400A-the fast optical switch processor A at a specified temperature, 360 denotes a heat sink and 380 denotes an output single-mode optical fiber array.

Thus, 400A-the fast optical switch processor A can switch a wavelength from any input fiber to any output fiber in less than 10 nanoseconds.

FIG. 4 illustrates an embodiment of 100B-a fast optical switch (in the directional coupler configuration) based on 120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film, activated by a light pulse, on a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrate.

In FIG. 4, 100B denotes a fast optical switch, 120 denotes vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film. 140A denotes the left region and 140B denotes the right region.

The thickness of 120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film is less than 0.3 microns.

120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film is approximately in the range of 0.01 microns² to 2 microns² in area on 140A-the left region.

120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film is approximately in the range of 0.01 microns² to 2 microns² in area on 140B-the right region.

It should be noted by nanoscaling the area of 120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film in the range of approximately 0.01 microns², an ultrafast (approximately 0.1 nanoseconds) optical switch (activated by a light pulse) can be realized.

The ridge width and ridge depth of 200-the optical waveguide in 140A-the left region are approximately in the range of 2 microns to 5 microns and 0.1 microns to 1 micron respectively. Furthermore, both ends of 200-the optical waveguide in 140A-the left region can be tapered out gradually for optical mode matching for higher % single-mode optical fiber coupling.

The ridge width and ridge depth of 200-the optical waveguide in 140B-the right region are approximately in the range of 2 microns to 5 microns and 0.1 microns to 1 micron respectively. Furthermore, both ends of 200-the optical waveguide in 140B-the right region can be tapered out gradually for optical mode matching for higher % single-mode optical fiber coupling.

The distance between 140A-the left region and 140B-the right region is less than 5 microns.

100B-the fast optical switch is a 2×2 fast optical switch with two inputs and two outputs.

In FIG. 4, 180A denotes the first input port of the input wavelength. The input wavelength at 180A-the first input port can exit via 220A-the output exit, when 140A-the left region comprising 120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film is not optically activated by a light pulse on 120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film on 140A-the left region.

However, the input wavelength at 180A-the first input port can exit via 220B-the output exit, when 140A-the left region comprising 120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film is optically activated by a light pulse (e.g., a light pulse from a mode locked semiconductor laser) on 120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film on 140A-the left region just to induce insulator-to-metal phase transition on 120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film.

Similarly, the input wavelength at 180B-the second input port can exit via 200A-the output exit, when 140B-the right region comprising 120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film is optically activated by a light pulse (e.g., a light pulse from a mode locked semiconductor laser) on 120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film on 140B-the right region just to induce insulator-to-metal phase transition on 120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film.

The intensity (optical power per unit area) of the light pulse is approximately in the range of 0.1 mJ/cm² to 50 mJ/cm². The pulse width of the light pulse is approximately in the range of 0.001 nanoseconds to 0.1 nanoseconds.

120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film is receiving a light pulse just to induce insulator-to-metal phase transition in 120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film.

The light pulse can propagate through 460-a waveguide and focused by 480-a lens 480 onto 120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film.

However, either a focusing up configuration or a focusing down configuration is possible

460-the waveguide is fabricated/constructed on 440-a buffer layer, wherein 440-the buffer layer is fabricated/constructed on 420-a suitable substrate (e.g., a silicon-on-insulator substrate).

One pulsed light source is required for 140A-the left region, comprising 120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film and another pulsed light source is required for 140B-the right region, comprising 120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film.

Furthermore, 480-a metamaterial based lens can be utilized for focusing of the light pulse below the diffraction limit.

Other coupler configurations (e.g., multimode interference configuration) can be realized by a light pulse for just inducing insulator-to-metal phase transition in 120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film.

It should be noted that a cluster of vanadium dioxide particles (less than 0.5 microns in diameter) embedded in an ultra thin-film of a polymeric material or in a mesh of metal nanowires can be utilized, instead of 120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film in fabricating/constructing 100A-the fast optical switch, activated by a light pulse. The polymeric material can be either conducting, semiconducting or non-conducting. Thus, vanadium dioxide particles (less than 0.5 microns in diameter) embedded in an ultra thin-film of a polymeric material or in a mesh of metal nanowires can receive a light pulse just to induce insulator-to-metal phase transition in the cluster of vanadium dioxide particles (less than 0.5 microns in diameter).

FIG. 5 illustrates an embodiment of 300B-an electronic subsystem to drive 100B-the fast optical switch (based on 120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film activated by a light pulse).

In FIG. 5, 240 denotes the external controller, 260 denotes the microprocessor/field programmable gate array and 280B denotes a drive electronics unit/module for 100B-the fast optical switch (based on 120-the vanadium dioxide, ultra thin-film activated by a light pulse).

300B-the electronic subsystem integrates 240, 260 and 280B 300B-the electronic subsystem is to drive 100B-the fast optical switch (based on 120-the vanadium ultra thin-film dioxide, activated by a light pulse).

240-the external controller can communicate serially with 260-the microprocessor/field programmable gate array.

FIG. 6 illustrates an embodiment of 400B-a fast optical switch processor B, comprising 100B-the fast optical switch in a matrix configuration (wherein 100B-the fast optical switch is based on 120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film, activated by a light pulse just to induce insulator-to-metal phase transition in vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film).

In FIG. 6, 400B denotes a fast optical switch processor B, 200 denotes the optical waveguide, 320 denotes the input single-mode optical fiber array, 300B denotes the electronic subsystem to drive 100B-the fast optical switch (based on 120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film, activated by a light pulse), 340 denotes the thermo electric cooler to maintain 400B-the optical switch processor B at a specified temperature, 360 denotes the heat sink and 380 denotes the output single-mode optical fiber array.

Thus, 400B-the fast optical switch processor B can switch a wavelength from any input fiber to any output fiber in less than 10 nanoseconds.

FIG. 7 illustrates 660A-an on-Demand optical add-drop subsystem, integrated with 100A-the fast optical switch (wherein 100A-the fast optical switch is based on 120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film, activated by an electrical pulse).

In FIG. 7, all input wavelengths from 320-an input optical fiber can be transmitted via 200A-an optical waveguide and amplified by 500-an erbium doped waveguide amplifier (EDWA) integrated with a 980 nm pump laser, tapped by 520-a tap coupler to measure wavelengths by 540-a spectrophotometer. A few wavelengths can proceed to 560A/560B/560C-a first wavelength demultiplexer 1 and then exited to the drop ports. Other express wavelengths can proceed to 560A/560B/560C-a second wavelength demultiplexer 2 for demultiplexing, then as selective inputs to 100A-the fast optical switch.

It should be noted that a semiconductor optical amplifier can be utilized instead of 500-the erbium doped waveguide amplifier integrated with a 980 nm pump laser 500.

It should be noted that arrayed waveguide gratings (AWG) based wavelength multiplexer/demultiplexer can also be utilized.

560A denotes a fixed (wavelength) demultiplexer, 560B denotes a (wavelength) tunable demultiplexer and 560C denotes a (wavelength) tunable one-dimensional (ID) photonic crystal based demultiplexer.

An array of rapidly wavelength tunable lasers can provide a set of new wavelengths to add ports. The output (wavelengths) of 560A/560B/560C-the second wavelength demultiplexer 2 and these newly added wavelengths can be switched by an array of 100As-the fast optical switches.

Switched wavelengths from 100As-the fast optical switches can be modulated by 580 s-optical modulators (e.g., silicon traveling-waveguide/graphene-on-silicon optical modulators).

The optical power output of 580-the optical modulator can be controlled by 500-the erbium doped waveguide amplifier integrated with a 980 nm pump laser, 600-a variable optical attenuator (VOA) (e.g., PLZT based variable optical attenuator) and 620-a photodiode.

The modulated wavelengths (or modulated optical signals) can be independently controlled at a specified optical power and then multiplexed by 640A/640B/640C-a multiplexer. Thus, an independent control of each wavelength can enable an approximately flat optical power curve for all output wavelengths at 380-an output optical fiber.

640A denotes a fixed (wavelength) multiplexer, 640B denotes a (wavelength) tunable multiplexer and 640C denotes a (wavelength) tunable one-dimensional (ID) photonic crystal based multiplexer.

A wavelength tunable multiplexer/demultiplexer includes a control circuit and one or more controls such as, heaters thermally coupled and/or refractive index changing electrical paths electrically coupled to waveguides of the multiplexer/demultiplexer.

The control circuit is in signal communication with the one or more controls and also includes a microprocessor/field programmable gate array coupled with an electronic memory component. The control circuit is to receive an identification signal and adjust the control in response to the identification signal and based on parameter values stored in the electronic memory component.

Alternatively, a voltage tunable multiplexer/demultiplexer can be realized when the material composition of the multiplexer/demultiplexer is a crystalline semiconductor (e.g., indium phosphide) rather than silica. Furthermore, the transmission characteristics of the tunable multiplexer/demultiplexer can be varied depending on, external control input(s).

FIG. 8 illustrates an embodiment of 300C-an electronic subsystem to drive 660A-the on-Demand optical add-drop subsystem, integrated with 100A-the fast optical switch (wherein 100A-the fast optical switch is based on 120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film, activated by an electrical pulse).

In FIG. 8, 240 denotes the external controller, 260 denotes the microprocessor/field programmable gate array and 280C denotes a drive electronics unit/module for 660A-the on-Demand optical add-drop subsystem, integrated with 100A-the fast optical switch (wherein 100A-the fast optical switch is based on 120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film, activated by an electrical pulse).

300C-the electronic subsystem integrates 240, 260 and 280C. 300C-the electronic subsystem is to drive 660A.

240-the external controller can communicate serially with 260-the microprocessor/field programmable gate array.

FIG. 9 illustrates an embodiment of an embodiment of 680A-an optical network processor system, comprising 660A-the on-Demand optical add-drop subsystem in a matrix configuration, wherein 660A-the on-Demand optical add-drop subsystem comprises 100A-the fast optical switch is based on 120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film, activated by an electrical pulse just to induce insulator-to-metal phase transition in 120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film.

In FIG. 9, 680A denotes an optical network processor system A, 200A denotes the optical waveguide, 320 denotes the input single-mode optical fiber array, 300C denotes the electronic subsystem to drive 660A-the on-Demand optical add-drop subsystem, 340 denotes the thermo electric cooler to maintain 680A-the optical network processor system A at a specified temperature, 360 denotes the heat sink and 380 denotes the output single-mode optical fiber array.

Thus, 680A-the optical network processor system A, demultiplex, multiplex and switch a wavelength from any input fiber to any output fiber.

FIG. 10 illustrates 660B-an on-Demand optical add-drop subsystem, integrated with 100B-the fast optical switch (wherein 100B-the fast optical switch is based on 120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film, activated by a light pulse).

In FIG. 10, all input wavelengths from 320-the input optical fiber can be transmitted via 200A-an optical waveguide and amplified by 500-the erbium doped waveguide amplifier (EDWA) integrated with a 980 nm pump laser, tapped by 520-the tap coupler to measure wavelengths by 540-the spectrophotometer. A few wavelengths can proceed to 560A/560B/560C-the first wavelength demultiplexer 1 and then exited to the drop ports. Other express wavelengths can proceed to 560A/560B/560C-the second wavelength demultiplexer 2 for demultiplexing, then as selective inputs to 100B-the fast optical switch.

An array of rapidly wavelength tunable lasers can provide a set of new wavelengths to the add ports. The output (wavelengths) of 560A/560B/560C-the second wavelength demultiplexer 2 and these newly added wavelengths can be switched by an array of 100Bs-the fast optical switches.

Switched wavelengths from 100Bs-the fast optical switches can be modulated by an array of 580 s-the optical modulators.

The optical power output of 580-the optical modulator can be controlled by 500-the erbium doped waveguide amplifier integrated with a 980 nm pump laser, 600-the variable optical attenuator and 620-the photodiode.

The modulated wavelengths (or modulated optical signals) can be independently controlled at a specified optical power and then multiplexed by 640A/640B/640C-the multiplexer. Thus, an independent control of each wavelength can enable an approximately flat optical power curve for all output wavelengths at 380-the output optical fiber.

FIG. 11 illustrates an embodiment of 300D-an electronic subsystem to drive 660B-the on-Demand optical add-drop subsystem, integrated with 100B-the fast optical switch (wherein 100B-the fast optical switch is based on 120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film, activated by a light pulse).

In FIG. 11, 240 denotes the external controller, 260 denotes the microprocessor/field programmable gate array and 280D denotes a drive electronics unit/module for 660B-the on-Demand optical add-drop subsystem, integrated with 100B-the fast optical switch (wherein 100B-the fast optical switch is based on 120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film, activated by a light pulse).

300D-the electronic subsystem integrates 240, 260 and 280D. 300D-the electronic subsystem is to drive 660B.

240-the external controller can communicate serially with 260-the microprocessor/field programmable gate array.

FIG. 12 illustrates an embodiment of an embodiment of 680B-an optical network processor system B, comprising 660B-the on-Demand optical add-drop subsystem in a matrix configuration, wherein 660B-the on-Demand optical add-drop subsystem comprises 100B-the fast optical switch is based on 120-the vanadium dioxide, ultra thin-film activated by a light pulse just to induce insulator-to-metal phase transition in 120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film.

In FIG. 12, 680B denotes the optical network processor system B, 200A denotes the optical waveguide, 320 denotes the input single-mode optical fiber array, 300D denotes the electronic subsystem to drive 660B-the on-Demand optical add-drop subsystem, 340 denotes the thermo electric cooler to maintain 680B-the optical network processor system B at a specified temperature, 360 denotes the heat sink and 380 denotes the output single-mode optical fiber array.

Thus, 680B-the optical network processor system B, demultiplex, multiplex and switch a wavelength from any input fiber to any output fiber.

FIG. 13A illustrates 820A-an embodiment of a wavelength converter, wherein 760-a coupler connects to 700-an input optical signal and 720-a pump laser via 740-a coupler waveguide. 760-the coupler is optically coupled with 780A-As₂S₃ chalcogenide, a four-wave mixing non-linear material. The output of 780A-As₂S₃ chalcogenide, a four-wave mixing non-linear material can be optically coupled with 800-a specific filter block. The output of 800-the filter block is the converted wavelength.

FIG. 13B illustrates 820B-an embodiment of a wavelength converter, wherein 760-a coupler connects to 700-an input optical signal and 720-a pump laser via 740-a coupler waveguide. 760-the coupler is optically coupled with 780B-two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystal based As₂S₃ chalcogenide, a four-wave mixing non-linear material. The output of 780B-two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystal based As₂S₃ chalcogenide, a four-wave mixing non-linear material can be optically coupled with 800-the specific filter block. The output of 800-the filter block is the converted wavelength.

FIG. 13C illustrates 820C-an embodiment of a wavelength converter, wherein 760-a coupler connects to 700-an input optical signal and 720-a pump laser via 740-a coupler waveguide. 760-the coupler is optically coupled with 780C-graphene on two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystal silicon waveguide, a four-wave mixing non-linear material. The output of 780C-graphene on two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystal silicon waveguide, a four-wave mixing non-linear material can be optically coupled with 800-the specific filter block. The output of 800-the filter block is the converted wavelength.

Alternatively, a wavelength converter can be fabricated/constructed, utilizing a semiconductor optical amplifier or a quantum dot based semiconductor optical amplifier (QD-SOA).

FIG. 14 illustrates 840A-an on-Demand optical add-drop subsystem, integrated with 100A-the fast optical switch (wherein 100A-the fast optical switch is based on 120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film, activated by an electrical pulse) and 820A/B/C-the wavelength converter.

In FIG. 14, all input wavelengths from 320-the input optical fiber can be transmitted via 200A-an optical waveguide and amplified by 500-the erbium doped waveguide amplifier (EDWA) integrated with a 980 nm pump laser, tapped by 520-the tap coupler to measure wavelengths by 540-the spectrophotometer. A few wavelengths can proceed to 560A/560B/560C-the first wavelength demultiplexer 1 and then exited to the drop ports. Other express wavelengths can proceed to 560A/560B/560C-the second wavelength demultiplexer 2 for demultiplexing, then as selective inputs to 100A-the fast optical switch.

An array of rapidly wavelength tunable lasers can provide a set of new wavelengths to the add ports. The output (wavelengths) of 560A/560B/560C-the second wavelength demultiplexer 2 can converted in wavelength by an array of 820A/B/Cs-the wavelength converters. Thus, the converted wavelengths from the array 820A/B/Cs-the wavelength converters and these newly added wavelengths can be switched by an array of 100As-the fast optical switches.

Switched wavelengths from 100As-the fast optical switches can be modulated by an array of 580 s-the optical modulators.

The optical power output of 580-the optical modulator can be controlled by 500-the erbium doped waveguide amplifier integrated with a 980 nm pump laser, 600-the variable optical attenuator and 620-the photodiode

The modulated wavelengths (or modulated optical signals) can be independently controlled at a specified optical power and then multiplexed by 640A/640B/640C-the multiplexer. Thus, an independent control of each wavelength can enable approximately flat optical power curve for all output wavelengths at 380-the output optical fiber.

FIG. 15 illustrates an embodiment of 300E-an electronic subsystem to drive 840A-the on-Demand optical add-drop subsystem, integrated with 100A-the fast optical switch (wherein 100A-the fast optical switch is based on 120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film, activated by an electrical pulse) and 820A/B/C-the wavelength converter.

In FIG. 15, 240 denotes the external controller, 260 denotes the microprocessor/field programmable gate array and 280E denotes a drive electronics unit/module for 840A-the on-Demand optical add-drop subsystem, integrated with 100A-the fast optical switch (wherein 100A-the fast optical switch is based on 120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film, activated by an electrical pulse) and 820A/B/C-the wavelength converter.

300E-the electronic subsystem integrates 240, 260 and 280E. 300E-the electronic subsystem is to drive 840A.

240-the external controller can communicate serially with 260-the microprocessor/field programmable gate array

FIG. 16 illustrates an embodiment of 860A-an advanced optical network processor system C in a matrix configuration, wherein 860A-the advanced optical network processor system C comprising-840A-the on-Demand optical add-drop subsystem, wherein 840A-the on-Demand optical add-drop subsystem comprises (a) 100A-the fast optical switch is based on 120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film, activated by an electrical pulse just to induce insulator-to-metal phase transition in 120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film and (b) 820A/B/C-the wavelength converter.

In FIG. 16, 860A denotes the advanced optical network processor system C, 200A denotes the optical waveguide, 320 denotes the input single-mode optical fiber array, 300E denotes the electronic subsystem to drive 840A-the advanced optical network processor system C, 340 denotes the thermo electric cooler to maintain 860A-the advanced optical network processor system C at a specified temperature, 360 denotes the heat sink and 380 denotes the output single-mode optical fiber array.

Thus, 860A-the advanced optical network processor system C can demultiplex, multiplex, convert and switch a wavelength from any input fiber to any output fiber.

FIG. 17 illustrates 840B-an on-Demand optical add-drop subsystem, integrated with 100B-the fast optical switch (wherein 100B-the fast optical switch is based on 120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film, activated by a light pulse) and 820A/B/C-the wavelength converter.

In FIG. 17, all input wavelengths from 320-the input optical fiber can be transmitted via 200A-an optical waveguide and amplified by 500-the erbium doped waveguide amplifier (EDWA) integrated with a 980 nm pump laser, tapped by 520-the tap coupler to measure wavelengths by 540-the spectrophotometer. A few wavelengths can proceed to 560A/560B/560C-the first wavelength demultiplexer 1 and then exited to the drop ports. Other express wavelengths can proceed to 560A/560B/560C-the second wavelength demultiplexer 2 for demultiplexing, then as selective inputs to 100B-the fast optical switch.

An array of rapidly wavelength tunable lasers can provide a set of new wavelengths to the add ports. The output (wavelengths) of 560A/560B/560C-the second wavelength demultiplexer 2 can converted in wavelength by an array of 820A/B/Cs-the wavelength converters. Thus, the converted wavelengths from the array 820A/B/Cs-the wavelength converters and these newly added wavelengths can be switched by an array of 100Bs-the fast optical switches.

Switched wavelengths from 100Bs-the fast optical switches can be modulated by an array of 580 s-the optical modulators.

The optical power output of 580-the optical modulator can be controlled by 500-the erbium doped waveguide amplifier integrated with a 980 nm pump laser, 600-the variable optical attenuator and 620-the photodiode

The modulated wavelengths (or modulated optical signals) can be independently controlled at a specified optical power and then multiplexed by 640A/640B/640C-the multiplexer. Thus, an independent control of each wavelength can enable an approximately flat optical power curve for all output the wavelengths at 380-the output optical fiber.

FIG. 18 illustrates an embodiment of 300E-an electronic subsystem to drive 840B-the on-Demand optical add-drop subsystem, integrated with 100B-the fast optical switch (wherein 100B-the fast optical switch is based on 120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film, activated by a light pulse) and 820A/B/C-the wavelength converter.

In FIG. 18, 240 denotes the external controller, 260 denotes the microprocessor/field programmable gate array and 280F denotes a drive electronics unit/module for 840B-the on-Demand optical add-drop subsystem, integrated with 100B-the fast optical switch (wherein 100B-the fast optical switch is based on 120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film, activated by a light pulse) and 820A/B/C-the wavelength converter.

300E-the electronic subsystem integrates 240, 260 and 280F. 300E-the electronic subsystem is to drive 840B.

240-the external controller can communicate serially with 260-the microprocessor/field programmable gate array

FIG. 19 illustrates an embodiment of 860B-an advanced optical network processor system D in a matrix configuration, wherein 860B-the advanced optical network processor system D comprising-840B-the on-Demand optical add-drop subsystem, wherein 840B-the on-Demand optical add-drop subsystem comprises (a) 100B-the fast optical switch is based on 120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film, activated by a light pulse just to induce insulator-to-metal transition in 120-the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film, and (b) 820A/B/C-the wavelength converter.

In FIG. 19, 860B denotes the advanced optical network processor system D, 200A denotes the optical waveguide, 320 denotes the input single-mode optical fiber array; 300F denotes the electronic subsystem to drive 840B-the advanced optical network processor system D, 340 denotes the thermo electric cooler to maintain 860B-the advanced optical network processor system D at a specified temperature, 360 denotes the heat sink and 380 denotes the output single-mode optical fiber array.

Thus, 860B-the advanced optical network processor system D can demultiplex, multiplex, convert and switch a wavelength from any input fiber to any output fiber.

100A/100B can be integrated with a semiconductor laser/widely tunable semiconductor laser/widely tunable fast switching semiconductor laser at 180A-the input waveguide and/or at 180B-the input waveguide for higher functionality. Such integration can include coupling from a waveguide to waveguide via a collimating lens, wherein the collimating lens can be suitably positioned by a microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)/nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) based actuator.

100A/100B can be integrated with an array of semiconductor laser/widely tunable semiconductor laser/widely tunable fast switching semiconductor laser at 180A-the input waveguide and/or at 180B-the input waveguide for higher functionality. Such integration can include coupling of the array of semiconductor laser/widely tunable semiconductor laser/widely tunable fast switching semiconductor laser to 180A-the input waveguide and/or at 180B-the input waveguide via a microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)/nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) based tilt mirror.

400A, 400B, 680A, 680B, 860A and 860B can be integrated with microring resonator filters and/or wavelength tunable optical dispersion compensators.

Furthermore, 400A, 400B, 680A, 680B, 860A and 860B can be integrated with biplexer filters and/or triplexer filters.

400A or 400B can be integrated with log₂N demultiplexer for an optical packet switched optical networks, where the switching delay is critical for high performance. A log₂N demultiplexer can consist of rectangular shaped periodic frequency filters connected in series, wherein the rectangular shaped periodic frequency filters can be formed in one dimensional (1-D) photonic crystal structure on a ridge waveguide.

Flip-chip bonding was developed as an alternative to wirebonding. In flip-chip bonding, components are flipped upside-down and placed on an array of solder bumps that form the connection between a device and circuit. 400A, 400B, 680A, 680B, 860A and 860B can be packaged, utilizing flip-chip bonding onto a precise silicon-on-insulator substrate.

Single-mode optical fibers can be aligned passively with precise metal alignment pins seated into v-grooves on the precise substrate. The precise metal alignment pins can be utilized top mate with a pluggable optical fiber connector integrated with a molded plastic lens. Alternatively, an array of multi-mode optical fibers can be used instead of an array of single-mode optical fibers for short distance (e.g., LAN) applications.

In the above disclosed specifications “/” has been used to indicate an “or”.

Any example in the preferred best mode embodiments is by way of an example only and not by way of any limitation.

The above disclosed specifications are the preferred best mode embodiments of the present invention. The specifications are not intended to be limiting only to the preferred best mode embodiments of the present invention. Numerous variations and/or modifications are possible within the scope of the present invention. Accordingly, the disclosed preferred best mode embodiments are to be construed as illustrative only. The inventors of the present invention are not required to describe each and every conceivable and possible future embodiment(s) in the preferred best mode embodiments of the present invention. A claim of this invention covers not only the literal elements in the claim, but also the equivalents of those elements. Thus, the scope and spirit of this invention shall be defined by the claims and the equivalents of the claims only. The exclusive use of all variations and/or modifications within the scope of the claims is reserved. Unless a claim term is specifically defined in the preferred best mode embodiments, then a claim term has an ordinary meaning, as understood by a person with an ordinary skill in the art, at the time of the present invention. 

We claim:
 1. An optical switch comprising: two optically coupled waveguides, wherein a minimum distance between the two optically coupled waveguides is less than 5 microns, wherein a section of the each waveguide comprises: a vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film of thickness less than 0.3 microns or a cluster of vanadium dioxide particles of particle diameter less than 0.5 microns, wherein the cluster of vanadium dioxide particles is embedded in a ultra thin-film of a polymeric material or in a mesh of metal nanowires, wherein the section of each waveguide is receiving a voltage pulse or a current pulse via two electrodes on the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film or on the cluster of vanadium dioxide particles, just to induce insulator-to-metal phase transition (IMT) in the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film or in the cluster of vanadium dioxide particles, wherein the two electrodes are electrically connected or electrically coupled with the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film or with the cluster of vanadium dioxide particles.
 2. The optical switch according to claim 1, further comprising a directionally coupled optical waveguide configuration.
 3. The optical switch according to claim 1, further comprising coupling with a wavelength multiplexer or a wavelength demultiplexer.
 4. The optical switch according to claim 1, further comprising coupling with a wavelength tunable multiplexer or a wavelength tunable demultiplexer.
 5. The optical switch according to claim 1, further comprising coupling with a wavelength tunable photonic crystal multiplexer or a wavelength tunable photonic crystal demultiplexer.
 6. The optical switch according to claim 1, further comprising coupling with a wavelength converter.
 7. The optical switch according to claim 6, further comprising: a wavelength converter, wherein the wavelength converter comprises: As₂S₃ chalcogenide material or two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals As₂S₃ chalcogenide material or graphene on two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals of silicon waveguide.
 8. The optical switch according to claim 6, further comprising: a wavelength converter, wherein the wavelength converter comprises: a semiconductor optical amplifier or a quantum dot based semiconductor optical amplifier.
 9. An optical switch comprising: two optically coupled waveguides, wherein a minimum distance between the two optically coupled waveguides is less than 5 microns, wherein a section of the each waveguide comprises: a vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film of thickness less than 0.3 microns or a cluster of vanadium dioxide particles of particle diameter less than 0.5 microns, wherein the cluster of vanadium dioxide particles is embedded in a ultra thin-film of a polymeric material or in a mesh of metal nanowires, wherein the section of each waveguide is receiving a light pulse on the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film or on the cluster of vanadium dioxide particles, just to induce insulator-to-metal phase transition (IMT) in the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film or in the cluster of vanadium dioxide particles.
 10. The optical switch according to claim 9, further comprising: an optical waveguide to propagate a beam of a light pulse and a focusing lens for focusing the beam of the light pulse, wherein an optical intensity of the beam of the light pulse is in a range of 0.1 mJ/cm² to 50 mJ/cm², wherein a pulse width of the beam of the light pulse is in a range of in the range of 0.001 nanoseconds to 0.1 nanoseconds.
 11. The optical switch according to claim 9, further comprising: an optical waveguide to propagate a beam of a light pulse and a metamaterial based lens for focusing the beam of the light pulse below diffraction resolution limit.
 12. The optical switch according to claim 9, further comprising: a directionally coupled optical waveguide configuration.
 13. The optical switch according to claim 9, further comprising coupling with a wavelength multiplexer or a wavelength demultiplexer.
 14. The optical switch according to claim 9, further comprising coupling with a wavelength tunable multiplexer or a wavelength tunable demultiplexer.
 15. The optical switch according to claim 9, further comprising coupling with a wavelength tunable photonic crystal multiplexer or a wavelength tunable photonic crystal demultiplexer.
 16. The optical switch according to claim 9, further comprising coupling with a wavelength converter.
 17. The optical switch according to claim 16, further comprising: a wavelength converter, wherein the wavelength converter comprises: As₂S₃ chalcogenide material or two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals As₂S₃ chalcogenide material or graphene on two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals of silicon waveguide.
 18. The optical switch according to claim 16, further comprising: a wavelength converter, wherein the wavelength converter comprises: a semiconductor optical amplifier or a quantum dot based semiconductor optical amplifier.
 19. An optical network processor system comprising: (a) an optical switch, two optically coupled waveguides, wherein a minimum distance between the two optically coupled waveguides is less than 5 microns, wherein a section of the each waveguide comprises: a vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film of thickness less than 0.3 microns or a cluster of vanadium dioxide particles of particle diameter less than 0.5 microns, wherein the section of each waveguide is receiving a voltage pulse or a current pulse via two electrodes on the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film or on the cluster of vanadium dioxide particles, just to induce insulator-to-metal phase transition (IMT) in the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film or in the cluster of vanadium dioxide particles, wherein the two electrodes are electrically connected or electrically coupled with the vanadium dioxide ultra thin-film or with the cluster of vanadium dioxide particles; and (b) an optical add-drop subsystem, wherein the optical add-drop subsystem comprises: a wavelength multiplexer and a wavelength demultiplexer, wherein the optical switch is optically coupled with the optical add-drop subsystem.
 20. The optical network processor system according to claim 19, further comprising: a wavelength converter. 